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Abstract
This study investigated the germination and gametophyte development of Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl (Japanese holly fern) using modified culture media to optimize fern propagation, while exploring locally sourced materials as an alternative and sustainable growing medium for fern development. Mature spores from fertile fronds were sown under various treatment conditions: (T1) Garden Soil, (T2) Garden Soil with Ground Claypots, (T3) Garden Soil with Ground Adventitious Tree Fern Roots, and a (T4) combination of all three with 1:1 ratio in all treatments. Results revealed that the germination of C. falcatum follows the Vittaria type, while prothallial development conforms to the Aspidium pattern—progressing from uniseriate germ filaments to irregular and spatulate plates, and subsequently to lopsided plates in T2 within 31 days after sowing (DAS), with cordate prothalli observed in all treatments by 35 DAS. Fully matured gametophytes were observed at 73 DAS with folded margins. Leptosporangiate-reproductive organs such barrel-shaped antheridium manifested earlier into one of the germ filaments 17 DAS in T2, whereas the inverted round-bottomed flask archegonia were observed later in all treatments within 73 DAS, showing antheridiogen-in-fluenced development. Gametophyte survival assessed by growth coverage varied significantly with (ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD, α = 0.05) T2 (91%) demonstrating the optimum medium for C. falcatum gametophyte in vitro propagation. Results in soil analysis supports that claypot-based media is favorable for C. falcatum cultivation, due to its near-neutral pH, high organic matter, and elevated phosphorus levels. Thus, this study shows that C. falcatum can be effectively propagated in vitro using modified media, especially those with ground clay pots.
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